Answer :
The formula for the area of the described window shape is a*(20-a/2) + π*(a/2)²/2. The average population change in New York between 2000 and 2020 was 0.2 million people per year, and the forecasted population for 2045, assuming linear growth, is 28 million people.
Firstly, it's not clear what the functions /(x), $(x), and S(x) represent due to possible typos, so I won't attempt to evaluate those parts of the question. Instead, I'll focus on the areas of the question which are clear.
In the problem with the window, if the width of the rectangle (which is also the diameter of semi-circle) is a feet and perimeter of the window is 40 feet, the formula for the area (Ax) of the window would be a*(20-a/2) + π*(a/2)²/2. The first term represents the area of the rectangle while the latter represents the area of a semi-circle.
For the population change in New York, the average rate of change = (23–19) million people/20 years = 0.2 million people per year. If we assume linear growth, we get PC(t) = 19 + 0.2t, where t is years after 2000. Using this formula, the estimated population in 2045 will be PC(45) = 19 + 0.2*45 = 28 million people.
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