Answer :
The three groups that establish the standards for fastener specifications are the c. SAE , ISO ,and ASTM.
These organizations are crucial in defining the technical criteria and guidelines for the manufacture, design, and use of fasteners in various industries. Specifically, these standards ensure compatibility, safety, and quality, which are essential for reliable performance across different applications.
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers): SAE is a U.S.-based organization that develops standards for engineering professionals in the automotive industry. They provide guidelines on materials, processes, and systems that impact the production and maintenance of vehicles and their components, including fasteners.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization): ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organization with a membership of 165 national standards bodies. It develops and publishes international standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing, including fasteners.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials): ASTM International is a globally recognized leader in the development and delivery of voluntary consensus standards. These standards play a critical role in ensuring that materials and products—in this case, fasteners—meet rigorous quality and performance criteria and can be used confidently in engineering applications.